Electromagnetic radiation propagates by space with oscillating electric powered and magnetic subject vectors alternating in sinusoidal patterns which might be perpendicular to each other and to the course of wave propagation. Simply because obvious light-weight is composed of both of those electrical and magnetic components, the velocity of light by way of a compound is partially dependent on the electrical conductivity of the material. Mild waves passing via a transparent crystal need to connect with localized electrical fields all through their journey. The relative velocity at which electrical signals journey as a result of a fabric varies with the sort of signal and its conversation With all the electronic framework, and is set by a home known as the dielectric continual of the material.

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直光纤只有很小的随机双折射，即使这样其中的光传输一段距离后偏振状态也会发生变化。存在保偏光纤，是利用了很强的双折射来抑制这些效应。 

Birefringence is formally outlined as being the double refraction of sunshine in a clear, molecularly purchased content, and that is manifested by the existence of orientation-dependent variances in refractive index. Several clear solids are optically isotropic, meaning which the index of refraction is equal in all directions throughout the crystalline lattice.

Birefringence could be the home of some clear optical supplies which the refractive index depends upon the polarization course - that is outlined since the course of the electric area.

Equally, the polarization state of a laser beam in a laser crystal with thermally induced birefringence is distorted. The sort of distortion depends on the position, since the birefringent axis includes a varying (e.

Once the normal and amazing rays emerge with the birefringent crystal, they are still vibrating at right angles with regard to one another. Nevertheless, the factors of these waves that go through the analyzer are vibrating in exactly the same airplane (as illustrated in Figure eight).

, plus the refractive index for provided wavelength will depend on the relative orientation of electrical field director and optical axis:

双折射是光束入射到各向异性的晶体，分解为两束光而沿不同方向折射的现象。光在非均质体中传播�?，其传播速度和折射率值随振动方向不同而改变，其折射率值不止一个；光波入射非均质体，除特殊方向以外 ，都要发生双折射，分解成振动方向互相垂直、传播速度不同、折射率不等的两种偏振光，此现象即为双折�?。

双折射现象的明显例子是方解石。透过方解石的菱面体就可以看到明显重影。

Determine 8(a) illustrates the anisotropic tetragonal, birefringent crystal in an orientation the place the prolonged (optical) axis with the crystal lies parallel into the transmission azimuth of the polarizer. In this case, light passing from the polarizer, and subsequently throughout the crystal, is vibrating in the plane that's parallel to the course in the polarizer. Since Not one of the mild incident around the crystal is refracted into divergent ordinary and amazing waves, the isotropic mild waves passing in the crystal fall short to make electric vector vibrations in the right orientation to traverse in the analyzer and produce interference consequences (see the horizontal arrow in Figure eight(a), and also the discussion beneath).

If a linearly polarized laser beam propagates through a birefringent medium, you can find generally two polarization elements with diverse wavenumbers. As a result, the optical phases of The 2 linear polarization components evolve in different ways, and Therefore the resulting polarization point out (from website your superposition of The 2 components) changes through propagation.

Straight optical fibers will often be nominally symmetric, but Yet exhibit some little diploma of random birefringence on account of tiny deviations from ideal symmetry �?for instance due to bending, other mechanical pressure or smaller microscopic irregularities.

尽管光纤本身不具有双折射，光纤光学中常常遇到双折射效应：有时双折射来自于光纤弯曲（引起弯曲损耗）和随机扰动。并且还存在保偏光纤。 

A perseverance of the birefringence sign by analytical methods is utilized to segregate anisotropic specimens into groups, that are termed both positively or negatively birefringent. The birefringence of the specimen just isn't a set worth, but will fluctuate While using the orientation from the crystal relative to the incident angle of your illumination.